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Useful Articles - Buying Real Estate: Understand Landfill Gas Risks before Buying Land Near a Landfill
The ability of landfill sites to emit methane has been recognised for very many years by site operators who appeared until the mid-seventies to accept small fires, caused by ignition of methane, as one of the minor problems associated with waste disposal. Methane problems were o
According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product
f little consequence when sites were small and situated outside the boundaries of towns or villages.
However in recent years there has been great pressure to acquire land for building so that in many instances real estate has been developed close to old, and not so old, filled a
However in recent years there has been great pressure to acquire land for building so that in many instances real estate has been developed close to old, and not so old, filled a
; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.
Examples of combination products may in
Examples of combination products may in
nd disused landfill sites (tips).
All real estate buyers are recommended to take great care when considering purchases close to landfills, or land which may have once been landfilled. These landfills can continue to generate methane for very many years.
Many old landfills have
All real estate buyers are recommended to take great care when considering purchases close to landfills, or land which may have once been landfilled. These landfills can continue to generate methane for very many years.
Many old landfills have
lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.
been restored and their sites have been incorporated into urban areas. Often such sites have been levelled and grassed over to be used for recreational purposes, and indeed this can be a very satisfactory end-use especially as any settlement which occurs can be filled in.
Howev
Howev
here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe
r, problems can arise if the landfill gas migrates sideways or upwards, as in the case studies which follow. These examples are quite old – newer ones are hard to come by as no-one likes to admit such problems, or risk publicity. Although implementation of preventative measures i
d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.
Combination pro
Combination pro
s much better nowadays and pretty much the norm, all those in real estate should be aware that landfill gas fire and explosion risks can still exist today.
Case Histories from the USA
Case A
One of the first explosions thought to involve landfill gas in a buildin
Case Histories from the USA
Case A
One of the first explosions thought to involve landfill gas in a buildin
ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc
g occurred in Atlanta, Georgia in December 1967. Originally the building was constructed with one storey and a basement and the latter was eventually bricked off thus isolating it. The only connecting passage from the basement to the upper storey was a 6 inch diameter pipe thro
easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi
gh which a 3 inch gas pipe ran. The gap between the pipes was not sealed, landfill gas escaping through the gap was ignited by a cigarette which resulted in an explosion. This completely demolished the building with two people being killed and two suffering serious injury.
nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically
Case B
In 1962 an armoury was built close to an operating landfill in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The landfill was from 3-13 m deep and during the mid-60's combustible gases accumulated in nearby sewers and minor fires/ explosions occurred. In September 1969 an explosio
In 1962 an armoury was built close to an operating landfill in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The landfill was from 3-13 m deep and during the mid-60's combustible gases accumulated in nearby sewers and minor fires/ explosions occurred. In September 1969 an explosio
and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ
n, thought to be caused by smoking, occurred in the building in which 25 people were injured and 3 died. Migration of landfill gas into the building may have been encouraged by the placement of additional cover material on the fill about a week before the incident. The building
ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi
was abandoned and the site used for the evaluation of various designs of gas migration prevention systems.
Case C
In Los Angeles, at the Branford landfill, which was situated in a gravel pit concentrations of methane well above the lower explosive limit were found up to
Case C
In Los Angeles, at the Branford landfill, which was situated in a gravel pit concentrations of methane well above the lower explosive limit were found up to
ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.
Following aspects would a
Following aspects would a
about 150 m from the edge of the fill. Initial attempts to control migration by installation of standpipes and trenches were unsuccessful. The reason for the failure is not clear but is probably due to the depth of the site being considerable.
Case D
Also in Los Angele
Case D
Also in Los Angele
dd to the challenges in developing combination products:
Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod
Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod
s, at the Sheldon-Arleta landfill, similar gas migration problems were encountered to those in case 11. Since the Sheldon-Arleta site is in a residential neighbourhood it was essential to take rapid remedial action. A series of wells 8 m deep, spaced on 50 m centres were-instal
cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin
led just within the landfill boundary. Each well had a designed withdrawal rate of 200 cubic ft/min each and were linked together with the landfill gas being flared off.
This site is of particular interest since it demonstrates that the need to install a gas migration control s
This site is of particular interest since it demonstrates that the need to install a gas migration control s
tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen
stem can give rise to a vigorous industry based on extraction of landfill gas with subsequent utilisation. This experience in California gave impetus to the new technology of landfill gas utilisation for power generation, which is noteworthy for the real estate buyer as it shows
t?
As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel
As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel
just how much energy is present in the landfill gas.
CONTROL OF LANDFILL GAS MIGRATION
The most important step is to recognise that if any development is to take place either on or near to a landfill site then problems can occur. Planners, architects and developers are n
CONTROL OF LANDFILL GAS MIGRATION
The most important step is to recognise that if any development is to take place either on or near to a landfill site then problems can occur. Planners, architects and developers are n
ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.
Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust
Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust
ormally aware of these risks and take measures to overcome potential hazards. Special features have usually been incorporated into building designs to reduce this risks to acceptably low levels before these buildings are put up for sale, nevertheless, real estate buyers should ca
y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products
ry out their own independent checks.
If development has taken place in close proximity to landfill then a survey of methane concentrations on the site is recommended.
This can be done by drilling boreholes and fitting these with perforated liners and measuring methane concentra
If development has taken place in close proximity to landfill then a survey of methane concentrations on the site is recommended.
This can be done by drilling boreholes and fitting these with perforated liners and measuring methane concentra
.
As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de
As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de
tions after a few days. A cheaper but in many instances equally satisfactory option, is to dig pits with a mechanical excavator to a depth of 3-4 m, install perforated pipe, back-fill and again measure methane after several days. Measurements of gas concentrations can be made e
elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.
Companies that provide selfless information through particip
Companies that provide selfless information through particip
ither on site using commercially available instruments such as a Gas Tec or Gas Scope and must be assessed by suitably qualified experts.
The astute real estate buyer will ensure that by understanding landfill gas aspects when buying property near landfills to avoid losses later
The astute real estate buyer will ensure that by understanding landfill gas aspects when buying property near landfills to avoid losses later
tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products
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